Legal & Ethical Considerations

Protected populations

In Washington’s south Puget Sound, four Mazama pocket gopher subspecies are federally listed as Threatened (2014). If you’re in the area, consult USFWS/WDFW guidance before control actions.

Pesticides & fumigants

• Aluminum phosphide and similar fumigants are Restricted Use Pesticides in the U.S.; labels require certified applicators or supervision, and include minimum distances from occupied structures (often ≥100 ft).
• California maintains additional training/permitting and safety requirements for burrowing‑pest fumigation.
• USDA risk assessments emphasize strict label compliance to reduce non‑target risks.

Ethics & safety

Choose the least‑toxic effective methods first; secure traps and keep all tools out of reach of children, pets, and wildlife. Dispose of carcasses responsibly and comply with local regulations.